Cancers Associated With Smoking
| Disease | Comments | Reference |
|---|
| All Cancers |
- 472,000 estimated annual deaths.
- 30% caused by smoking.
- Relative risks (ratio of the risk of disease among smokers, to the risk of disease among non-smokers).
- smoker (2)
- heavy smoker (3-4)
|
Surgeon General Report (SGR) 1982 American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures (ACS, CF&F) 1986 |
| Lung |
- 130,000 estimated annual deaths
- 80-90% caused by smoking
- Relative risks:
- smoker (10)
- heavy smoker of 2 or more packs of cigarettes per day (15-25).
- 5-year survival rate (10%)
- Strong dose-response association (one in which a change in the measure of exposure is associated with a change in the risk of a specific outcome) with quantity smoked.
- Synergistic effect (a situation in which the combined effect on two or more factors is greater than the sum of their solitary effects) with smoking and exposure to asbestos; increases risk nearly 60 times.
|
SGR (1982)
p.21-63 ACS,
CF&F (1986) |
| Larynx |
- 4,000 estimated annual deaths
- 84% caused by smoking
- Strong association with smoking and alcohol consumption.
- Mortality ratio (ratio of cancer site-specific mortality among smokers to non-smoker) of about 5-33.
- 5-year survival rate (60%)
- Strong dose-response with smoking; relative risk of 4.4 for light smoker (1-10 cigarettes per day) to about 30 for heavy smoker (41+ cigarettes per day)
|
SGR (1982)
p. 63-78 |
| Oral (lip, tongue, salivary gland, mouth-floor, meso and hype pharynx) |
- 9,000 estimated annual deaths
- 50-70% caused by smoking (especially pipes and cigars)
- Mortality ratio (2-33)
- 5-year survival rate (25-45%)
- Dose-response exits
|
SGR (1982)
p. 78-90 |
| Esophagus |
- 8,000 estimated annual deaths
- 50% caused by smoking (including cigars and pipes)
- Relative risk (2-8)
- 5-year survival rate (3%)
- Synergistic effect results with smoking in any form and drinking alcohol
|
Surgeon General Report (SGR) 1982 p. 90-101 |
| Bladder |
- 11,000 estimated annual deaths
- 30-40% caused by smoking
- Relative risk (2-4)
- 5-year survival rate (50-60%)
- Possible synergistic effect with smoking and occupational exposures (dye stuffs, rubber, leather, print, paint, petroleum, and other organic chemicals)
|
SGR (1982) p. 101-133 |
| Kidney |
- 9,000 estimated annual deaths
- Relative risk (>1-5) for cigarette smokers, and 10-12 for pipe and cigar smokers, as noted in one study.
- Median survival time (1-3 years)
- Dose-response observed (possible 3-fold increase in risk between light and heavy smokers)
- Smoking considered a contributory factor
|
SGR (1982) p. 1130122 American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & Figures (ACS, CF&F) 1986 |
| Pancreas |
- 24,000 estimated annual deaths
- Relative risk (> 1-3)
- 3-year survival rate (2%)
- Dose-response noted, but weaker than for smoking and other cancers
- Smoking considered a contributory factor
|
SGR (1982) p. 122-132 |
| Stomach |
- 14,000 estimated annual deaths
- 5-year survival rate (16%)
- Possible association with smoking
- Weak, but consistent dose-response
- Relative risk (< 2)
|
SGR (1982)
p. 132-137 |
| Uterine Cervix |
- 7,000 estimated annual deaths
- 5-year survival rate (68%)
- Conflicting results on relationship between smoking and uterine cervical cancer
|
SGR (1982) p.137-141 ACS, CF&F (1986) |
*Kurata JH, Elashoff JD, Nogawa AN, Haile BM, Sex and smoking differences in duodenal ulcer mortality. Am J Public Health 76:700-702,1986.
**Kristein MM, How much can business expect to profit from smoking cessation. Prev Med 12:358-381, 1983.
